James Gall (1808–1895) was a Scottish clergyman who founded the Carrubbers Close Mission. As well as writing on religious matters, often from a rather unorthodox standpoint, he had an interest in astronomy. It was his Easy Guide to the Constellations and his People's Atlas of the Stars that brought him to people's attention.
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Most of Gall's work on religion was detailed in a book called The Stars and the Angels in which he not only argues for the existence of other inhabited planets but describes the view that Gabriel would have had on his way from heaven to earth to tell Mary that she would have a baby next Christmas.
A rare, but important, work by Gall is "The Synagogue Not the Temple, the Germ and Model of the Christian Church", published in 1890. It discusses the foundation upon which the Christian Church is modeled.
Gall's main work as an astronomer was with the constellations. As part of this work he developed the Gall orthographic projection, a derivative of the Lambert Cylindrical Equal-Area, to project the celestial sphere onto flat paper in a manner that avoided distorting the shapes of the constellations. He also applied this technique to terrestrial mapmaking as a way to make a flat map of the round Earth. It was re-invented by Arno Peters in 1967 and adopted by organisations such as UNESCO.
Gall's father, James Gall the Elder (1784-1874), designed a "triangular alphabet" used for embossed books for blind people.